لایب سان

تاریخ شیلی، 1808-2002 ویرایش دوم

List of maps page xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv A note on geography xix PART I Birth of a nation-state, 1800s–1830s 1 1 Colonial foundations, 1540–1810 3 Development of rural society 5 Mining, manufacturing, trade 14 The colonial elite and its urban setting 18 Church and state 22 A nationality in embryo? 25 Reformers and revolutionaries 29 2 Independence, 1808–30 32 The first creole governments 33 The wars of independence 35 The legacies of revolution 40 The quest for political order, 1817–30 46 3 The conservative settlement, 1830–41 51 Diego Portales 52 The Conservative political settlement 54 The economic settlement 60 The war with the Peru-Bolivian Confederation 63 PART II The rise of a republic, 1830s–1880s 71 4 A time of progress, 1830s–1870s 73 Government policy and practice 73 The export economy: mining and agriculture 76 The outward and visible signs of progress 84 The slowly changing face of society 88 ix x Contents Foreigners and natives 94 Cities and culture 97 5 The Liberal impulse, 1841–76 104 Bulnes and the re-emergence of Liberalism 104 Montt and the Conservative defection 109 The Liberal-Conservative Fusion 114 The “new politics” 120 6 Crisis and war, 1876–83 125 Economic crisis 125 International crisis 127 The War of the Pacific 131 Soldiers and civilians 137 Economy and society during the war 139 The war and fiscal policy 142 Politics and the war 144 PART III The nitrate era, 1880s–1930s 147 7 The Parliamentary period, 1882–1920 149 Santa Mar´ıa and Balmaceda 149 The Civil War of 1891 154 Parliamentary Republic: economic aspects 157 Agriculture, manufacturing, copper mining 157 Nitrates 161 Inflation and monetary policy 166 Parliamentary Republic: social aspects 170 Population, immigration, social change 170 Urban life: splendors and (especially) miseries 173 The “German bewitchment”: the Army and education 178 A glance at culture (1880s–1920s) 181 Perceptions of national decline 184 Consolidation of the Parliamentary regime 188 Riesco, Montt, and the “social question” 194 The decline of the Parliamentary Republic 197 8 The Lion and the mule, 1920–38 202 The backwash of the First World War and the 1920s 202 Alessandri’s first presidency 205 Military intervention and a new Constitution 209 The Iba´nez regime, ˜ 1927–31 214 The fall of Iba´nez and the months of turbulence ˜ 221 Alessandri’s second presidency, 1932–38 226 Contents xi PART IV Industrial advance and the dawn of mass politics, 1930s–1960s 235 9 The Radicals, the General of Hope, and the Lion’s Son, 1938–64 237 Pedro Aguirre Cerda, 1938–41 240 Juan Antonio R´ıos, 1942–46 243 Gabriel Gonzalez Videla, ´ 1946–52 246 The General of Hope, 1952–58 251 The second Alessandri, 1958–64 258 10 The industrial impulse, 1930s–1960s 264 The economy during the Radical ascendancy 265 Agriculture at mid-century 265 Mining 268 Industrialization 269 Fiscal policy and inflation 274 The economy under Iba´nez ˜ 276 Jorge Alessandri’s economic policies 280 The agrarian question 280 Copper 281 Inflation and fiscal policy 282 Society at mid-century: 1930s–1960s 285 Social structure, new roles for women 285 Population, health, education 288 Urbanization and urban life 291 Mass media, communications, transportation 295 A glance at culture (1930s–1960s) 299 PART V Democracy and dictatorship, 1960s–2000s 303 11 Revolution in liberty, 1964–70 305 Catholic social reformers 305 A “parliament for Frei” 308 Social reforms and economic frustrations 311 Radicalization, polarization, mobilization 320 The “Tacnazo” and the triumph of Allende 325 12 The Chilean road to socialism, 1970–73 330 Toward a socialist economy? 334 The nationalization of copper 334 The acceleration of agrarian reform 337 The nationalization of industry 340 The failure of the UP’s economic strategy 344 xii Contents Confrontation and stalemate 346 Breakdown and tragedy 352 13 The Pinochet years 359 Consolidation of the Pinochet regime 359 The Chilean road to capitalism 364 The renewal of politics 376 “Re-encounter with history” 382 14 Re-encounter with history, 1990–2002 390 Friend of the elves, 1990–94 390 Neo-liberalism with a human face? 394 A decade of advance 394 Tackling the “social debt” 396 Turn-of-the-century social symptoms 398 A very brief glance at culture (1970–2000) 403 Frei II and Lagos, 1994–2002 405 Glossary of Spanish terms 415 Initials and acronyms 419 Further reading 423 Index 437

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